AUTONOMOUS SHIPS: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS, FACING THE REGULATORY SYSTEM

Salah El Din Farag Ali Mohamed Badawy1, Fahmy El Adl Ibrahim El Adl2, Anas S. Alamoush3

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/51111 Received 13/05/2024, Revised 12/12/2024, Acceptance 23/06/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

Abstract

In recent years, interest in autonomous ship conception has grown considerably. Inspired by the latest adaptation of automated and autonomous systems in different means of transportation and due to the swift technological development, we could question wither and if these technologies could be implemented in the maritime business or not. Progress toward cutting-edge innovations is inevitable notwithstanding the obstacles that develop throughout every evolution. Acknowledging that, one can’t ignore the upcoming technological transition in the maritime sector, which must cope with and prepare for. The present article debates the current trends in the evolving autonomous ships as well as reviewing some of the latest global initiatives. Furthermore, the research looks into the separate and combined implications of marine autonomous surface ships (MASS) on innovations, laws, and industries in light of the novel maritime paradigm change, by using questionnaire form and analysis with qualitative and quantitative data  with different expertise and maritime sector employees participant  .Finally, it is advised that holistic approaches to building the technology and regulatory framework be used and that communication and cooperation among various stakeholders based on mutual understanding are essential for the MASS to arrive in the maritime industry successfully .The article finds that, there is lack of readiness of maritime conventions , seaports and maritime institutes to implement the mechanism of automated ships at the present time.

Extreme Sea Level Analysis and Return Period Estimation Along Alexandria Coast Using Gumbel Cumulative Distribution Functions

Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed Heiba1, Sameh Tawfik Abd Elfattah2, Tarek Mohamed El-Geziry3

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/51112 Received 12/05/2025, Revised 10/06/2025, Acceptance 09/07/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

Abstract

The study Analise the return period of extreme sea levels at Alexandria coast with a different approach of statistics model, the cumulative distribution function method based on Gumbel equations provides a robust framework in statistics of extreme sea level prediction and recurrence estimation. Return period of extreme sea level heights are expected to occur more frequently in the next decades influenced by climate change and global warming. The study utilizes sea level radar hourly data, with total 13,986 measurements over 19.3 months, between18^th of  June  2018, to 9^th  of January 2020. The study methodology underpinning an analytical quantitative method to analyze observed data and determines the monthly extreme sea level value in random data. The Gumbel distribution measures the probability F(x) for each extreme sea level X to be equal or less than this value. The study focuses on the methods to estimate return period for short term of data observation; however, the study estimates the return period for extreme sea level in months instead of usual estimation in years. The results revealed that the average extreme sea level in Alexandria is 0.77 meters, with monthly extreme sea level range between 0.6 to 1.04 meters. The findings highlight the highest probability of occurrence concurrently with the highest sea level value and has the longest return period in months.

The study shed the light on the short pattern intervals of extreme sea level recurrence to support resilient coastal management, and precisely present risk assessment plan with clear vision to how far could Alexandria vulnerable to adverse conditions in near future.

Hazard Identification in Offshore Rigs Operation

Abdelrahman Ashraf 1, Said Abdelkader 2

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/51113 Received 02/05/2025, Revised 05/06/2025, Acceptance 14/07/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

Abstract

The oil and gas industry are crucial to the growth of the global economy. However, this industry
is fraught with significant life-threatening risks. Over the years, numerous accidents and fatalities have been reported at both onshore and offshore drilling sites, largely due to insufficient health and safety regulations and prevention measures. Despite some progress in controlling a small percentage of these risks in recent years, the inherently unpredictable nature of the drilling profession continues to pose substantial challenges to ensuring safety.

 Where Hazard: something that can cause harm. And Risk: the chance that harm will occur and how bad it could be.  

The current study is limited to hazard identification of offshore rigs operation, based on reports on accidents that occurred all over the world, within the time span from 2010 to 2024.

The aim of this research was to identify and classify the hazard scenarios associated with operating these platforms and to arrange the scenarios according to their risk value by using an appropriate mathematical model. It also identified methods to reduce the safety and health risk factors which face these rigs. The analytic descriptive methodology was used to achieve the aforementioned aim, a suitable software package was used to statistically analyze this data and a suitable Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model was used to rank the hazard scenarios. Ranking correlation factors between elements of risk factors were developed and discussed.

IMPACT OF AUTONOMOUS SHIPS ON SAFETY OF NAVIGATION

Abdelhamed Mohamed Abdou Hemida

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/51114 Received 09/07/2025, Revised 02/08/2025, Acceptance 03/09/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

Abstract

The research explores the transformative potential of autonomous surface vessels in maritime operations, focusing on technological, operational, and safety dimensions. The study addresses the concept of autonomous ships and their levels of autonomy, identify challenges and risks. The study identifies key research problems including technological vulnerabilities such as sensor failures, cybersecurity threats, and algorithmic errors; risks arising from mixed navigation environments involving autonomous and crewed vessels; and regulatory and legal gaps that hinder the safe integration of autonomous technologies. Additionally, the need for specialized training for seafarers to manage these emerging systems is emphasized. The research aims to analyze these challenges and risks comprehensively while evaluating advancements in navigation safety technologies. The methodology combines a literature review, risk analysis, and a survey-based evaluation of autonomous ships’ impact on navigational safety.

The research emphasizes the critical role of human oversight, especially during emergencies, and advocates for human-machine collaboration as a practical solution to enhance navigational safety. Additionally, it reviews international regulatory efforts, particularly those by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), aimed at establishing legal and cybersecurity frameworks to build trust in autonomous vessels. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting a hybrid approach that combines automation with human supervision to ensure the safe and effective integration of autonomous maritime technologies in the maritime domain.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON MARITIME LOGISTICS

Mohamed shendy hemida Ibrahim, Abdelrahman Saad Abdelrahman Elgendy

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/51115 Received 24/05/2025, Revised 28/06/2025, Acceptance 20/08/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

Abstract

This study explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) influences the optimization, efficiency, and competitiveness of port operations using a SWOT analysis framework. AI’s strengths such as handling vast datasets, detecting operational patterns, resource allocation, and automation collectively contribute to enhanced efficiency, cost savings, and improved safety. Opportunities stem from advancements in machine learning, predictive analytics, and computer vision, enabling smarter vessel scheduling and cargo handling. However, weaknesses include high upfront investment, data integration issues, and reliance on technical expertise. Threats relate to job displacement, cybersecurity, and ethical concerns. The paper proposes a strategic, phased roadmap for AI adoption to balance opportunities and risks and enhance both port performance and global competitiveness.

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Performance at Jeddah Islamic Port with the Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction: An Applied Study

Khalid Asiri1, Mohamed A. Ragheb2, Khanssa Lagdami3

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/51116 Received 30/05/2025, Revised 05/07/2025, Acceptance 14/08/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

Abstract

This study explores the connection between transformational leadership (TL) and employee performance (EP), with job satisfaction (JS) acting as a mediating factor, at Jeddah Islamic Port (JIP).  A quantitative approach employing structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized, with data gathered from 198 employees and subsequently analyzed through AMOS software.  The results indicate that each of the four dimensions of transformational leadership—idealized influence (II), inspirational motivation (IM), intellectual stimulation (IS), and individualized consideration (IC) —has a significant and positive impact on JS and EP.  The relationship between transformational leadership and EP is partially mediated by JS.  The variables associated with transformational leadership account for 26.0% of the variance in JS and 53.9% of the variance in EP.  The investigation offers empirical data that underscores the essential function of transformational leadership in improving organizational performance within the maritime logistics sector.

Mitigating Alarm Fatigue in Ship Bridge Operations: The Role of Speech Alarm in Enhancing Navigational Safety

Moustafa Mohmed Ahmed Hosny

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/51117 Received 02/08/2025, Revised 04/09/2025, Acceptance 06/10/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

Abstract

Alarm-fatigue issues become a safety concern on modern ship bridges. Continuous alarms whose connotation is not properly described are just enough to distract navigation officers from their navigational tasks. These warnings, when delayed or neglected, track the risk of compromising safety. Hence the mental exhaustion. This paper studies one such feasible alternative: speech alarms giving clear and natural language messages in the way Google Maps instructs drivers. During the simulation scenario, 12 licensed navigation officers were divided into two groups performing simulator tests. One group undertook tests when being given regular beep alarms, while another group heard speech alarms with pertinent instructions and context from instructor. Mental workload, reaction times, and correct responses to alarms were measured through the NASA-TLX questionnaire. The research ended with some definite findings: speech alarms were more often predictable by navigation officers (22% vs. 7.1%), they reacted faster (4.2 seconds versus 6.9). There also appeared to be a negative correlation between frustration and performance: the lower stress, the higher performance (r = -0.979, p < 0.01). Several participants stated that the speech alarms were easier to comprehend, and reduce mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand and effort. This research results show that speech alarms suffer a huge potential in alleviating alarm fatigue and in the enhancement of navigation safety at sea. Integration of such an approach into maritime industry should be considered for future amendments into the IMO alarm standards.

Embedding Green Education in Maritime Curricula: Advancing Environmental and Maritime Sustainability

Mohamed Elmeligy

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/51119 Received 29/09/2025, Revised 00/00/2025, Acceptance 27/10/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

Abstract

This research examined the multiple effects of integrating green education into Maritime Education and Training (MET) curricula. As the maritime sector faces the complexities of environmental sustainability and technological progress in the era of Industry 4.0, fostering a new generation of environmentally conscious professionals becomes essential. This study used a qualitative approach to thoroughly assess the benefits and potential challenges and barriers of incorporating green education in MET. By reviewing scholarly publications and empirical studies, the paper presented an integrated approach that promotes the sustainability of the maritime environment and advances the maritime sector, while addressing pedagogical, institutional, and practical challenges. The findings provided valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness of green education frameworks in MET.

The Impact of Smart Technology on Improving Energy Efficiency, Reducing Emissions in Egyptian Ports. Case study of Damietta port

Capt. Mohamed shendy, Dr. Shimaa Abd El Rasoul

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/511110 Received 30/05/2024, Revised 22/09/2024, Acceptance 04/05/2025, Available online 01/07/2025

Abstract

Foreign trade is a fundamental element in bolstering national economies, with seaports playing a pivotal role in this domain, particularly in Egypt, which benefits from a strategic location connecting major global navigation routes. The Port of Damietta is a vital harbor contributing significantly to foreign trade flows, handling approximately 90% of Egyptian goods. However, it faces challenges related to energy consumption, emissions, and the efficiency of logistical operations.

This study aims to evaluate the role of smart technology in the port’s development by enhancing energy efficiency, reducing emissions, and improving operational performance. The results demonstrate a notable improvement due to the implementation of continuous development initiatives, including the establishment of the multi-purpose “Tahya Misr 1” berth, the application of the Just-in-Time (JIT) system, the utilization of solar energy, and the adoption of natural gas-powered vehicles. Furthermore, the Port Single Window (PSW) system has contributed to streamlining procedures and enhancing transparency, while green spaces and solar lighting have helped in mitigating pollution and improving environmental quality.

These findings underscore the success of the Port of Damietta in its transition towards a smart and sustainable port, which supports its capacity to attract investments and strengthens its economic role regionally and internationally, despite the surrounding challenges.

أثر تطوير الأنشطة اللوجستية على كفاءة أداء الموانئ البحرية

محمود البشير أحمد البحباح، هشام هلال، مختار حبشي

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/511111 Received 29/02/2025, Revised 16/04/2025, Acceptance 04/06/2025, Available online and Published 01/01/2026

المستخلص

تهدف الورقة إلى معرفة أثر تطوير الأنشطة اللوجستية على كفاءة أداء الموانئ الليبية، وذلك من خلال دراسة حالة ميناء المنطقة الحرة مصراته، حيث تحولت الموانئ من مجرد محطات مائية لاستقبال السفن إلى صناعة عالمية معقدة ومتشابكة تتداخل فيها الاستثمارات المالية بالمتطلبات التقنية والادارة التشغيلية، وأصبح مجال اللوجستيات يؤثر بدرجة كبيرة ومهمة على اعمال الميناء لتحقيق سياسة امداد العملاء بمطالبهم بأسرع وقت وبأقل تكلفة ممكنة ودعم للقدرة التنافسية بالموانئ البحرية. ومن خلال الدراسات الاستطلاعية والمقابلات الشخصية بالمختصين بمجال الموانئ والنقل البحري تبين أن الميناء يوجد به نقص في الآلات والمعدات بمختلف أنواعها مع إنخفاض نسبة جودة الخدمات المقدمة ممّا يؤثر بالسلب على القدرة التنافسية. تم اتباع المنهج الوصفي التحليلي عن طريق عمل استبانة وتوزيعها توزيع مباشر داخل الميناء لزيادة معرفة المشاكل ومدي قيمة الخدمات وجودتها وتم تحليلها بواسطة برنامج SPSS، ومن أهم النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها ان ميناء المنطقة الحرة مصراته يعاني من نقص في الامكانيات اللوجستية مما لا يجعله يصنف من الموانئ العالمية المنافسة على الرغم من وجود عدد من التطورات التي تتم فيه، ويعاني من ضعفٍ في البنية الفوقية خاصة في مجال المعدات والتجهيزات المتعلقة بمناولة البضائع بمختلف أنواعها مع ضعف في الخدمات المقدمة للسفن أثناء دخولها الي حين مغادرتها بما فيها الوقت المستغرق في الشحن والتفريغ