Cybersecurity Threats in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships Navigating Canals and Narrow Channels: A Risk Assessment Using STPA-Safety/Security and Fuzzy-AHP

Eslam Ramadan Badry Gad1, Teona Khabeishvili 2

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50730 Received 08/02/2025, Revised 05/03/2025, Acceptance 07/04/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

Maritime canals and narrow channels are critical for global trade, yet their confined nature poses significant risks, especially with the increasing reliance on digital technologies in ship navigation. This study investigates cybersecurity threats to Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) operating in these environments, focusing on potential cyber-attacks that could lead to accidents such as grounding, collisions, and loss of propulsion control. Utilizing the System-Theoretic Process Analysis for Safety and Security (STPA-Safety/Security) combined with Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP), the study identifies and prioritizes key threats, including GPS/AIS spoofing, communication jamming, and thruster override. Expert input via the Delphi method validates the threat scenarios, providing a comprehensive risk assessment. The findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced cybersecurity measures, such as redundant navigation systems, secure communication channels, and improved operator training. The study contributes to maritime cybersecurity literature by offering a structured methodology for assessing and mitigating cyber risks in autonomous ship operations, particularly in confined waterways.

Bridging the Gap: Modernizing Environmental Management Systems in Egyptian Seaports to Align with Global Maritime Transport Trends

Mohamed Elhussieny1, Agne Jucyte Cicine2

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50731 Received 01/03/2025, Revised 03/04/2025, Acceptance 07/05/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

Innovation of Environmental Management Systems (EMS) at Egyptian seaports needs to be done in parallel with the international trends toward maritime sustainability and competitiveness due to stricter global policy within the industry. This research is based on implementing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis and comparative case studies of leading ports (Rotterdam, Singapore, Los Angeles) to determine the key issues of Egypt’s Environmental Management System (EMS). The results indicate the presence of technological gaps (shifts from manual emissions reporting to AI monitoring and blockchain tracking), regulatory gaps (contradiction of the local legal frameworks with MARPOL Annex VI provisions), funding gaps (scope of green funding), and local gaps (non-uses of solar energy and addressing biodiversity conservation). The study outlines specific actions, including legislative changes for the adoption of carbon reduction strategies for 40% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, integration of shore power enabling facilities, and creation of supporting national port climate funds to invite foreign investment. The strategies seek to leverage Egypt’s geographical location next to the Suez Canal and solar energy with the aim of changing Egyptian seaports into pro-environmental centers.

With regard to sustainability in maritime shipping, this study integrates models with real-world applications, providing a guide for decision-makers and port managers to meet international requirements while furthering Egypt’s Vision 2030 and the National Strategy for Green Ports 2030.

A Comprehensive Investigation into Full-Scale Characteristics Contributing to Seafarers’ Psychological Security: Egyptian Seafarers as a Case Study

Nader S. Fahim1, Amman A. Aly2, Marwa M. Elkhateeb3

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50712 Received 28/12/2024, Revised 02/02/2025, Acceptance 19/03/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

The mental health of seafarers has long been a major concern for maritime industry stakeholders. It plays a pivotal role in enabling seafarers to cope with onboard anxiety and fear, while preventing costly human errors. Moreover, achieving psychological security is fundamental for seafarers to adapt to their environment and competently fulfil their duties onboard. This research aims to evaluate the psychological security of seafarers in relation to various demographic factors. To achieve this, a novel Psychological Security Scale (PSS) was developed then administered to 248 Egyptian seafarers. Through rigorous quantitative analysis of the collected data, the study revealed that factors related to the work environment and interactions with colleagues were more influential in determining psychological security than family-related aspects, accounting for 28% of the variance (R2=28%). Notably, seafarers who experienced satisfaction in meeting their physiological needs onboard exhibited heightened psychological security. Other factors bolstering psychological security included regular family communication, robust social interactions with crew members, adherence to a scheduled crew change, salary satisfaction, and engagement in physical workouts.

Application of Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS-MA) vs Root Cause Analysis (RCA) in Investigation of Maritime Incident within Marine Ports

Lafi Mubarak Al-Azemi 1, Eslam Adel 2, Sameh Farahat 3

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50711 Received 06/12/2024, Revised 27/01/2025, Acceptance 15/03/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

This study compares the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) and Root Cause Analysis (RCA) in the context of marine incident investigations within the Marine Port. HFACS focuses on human error and organizational influences, while RCA identifies the underlying causes of incidents through a systematic process. The comparison highlights HFACS’s detailed approach to human and systemic factors and RCA’s efficiency in pinpointing direct causes. The findings suggest that both methods have unique strengths and, when used together, can provide a more comprehensive framework for improving safety and risk management in port operations.

Assessing the Accuracy of Histogram Threshold and Band Ratio as a Shoreline Extraction Techniques from Low-resolution Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery

Mohamed Elmeligy1, Ahmed Elrabbany2, Saad Mesbah3, Mohmoud Hassan4, Mohamed Mohasseb5

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50710 Received 12/12/2024, Revised 04/01/2025, Acceptance 16/02/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

Coastal regions worldwide have a significant role for humanity in various aspects. Maintaining coastal zones vitally supports the local and global economy concerning fisheries, tourism, transportation, and human activities. Rapid climate changes due to wind, global warming, sea level rise, and human activities such as construction have negative impacts, such as coastal erosion, which has caused dramatic changes in shorelines. Therefore, adapting coastal management and environmental monitoring will assist in mitigating the adverse effects. To ensure sustainability development in planning and disaster response, it is essential to map and classify shoreline changes. Despite advances in remote sensing satellites, coastal zone management suffered from low resolution in both spatial and temporal aspects from open-source platforms such as MODIS, Landsat, and Sentinel. Moreover, high-resolution drone images are still limited, in addition to many challenges and restrictions.

This paper aims to evaluate the accuracy of shoreline extraction techniques such as histogram threshold and band ratio from the low-resolution Sentinel-2 satellite imagery using shoreline delivered from high-resolution drone images as a ground truth.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been applied to Testing the differences in deviations between various techniques. In addition to Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) to measure the discrepancies between the derived and reference shorelines. As a result of the evaluation of both histogram threshold and band ratio as a shoreline extraction method from satellite regarding the reference shoreline extracted from the drone, the main finding showed that the threshold is better than band ratio shoreline extraction technique from low-resolution sentinel-2 satellite imagery.

Maritime Port Evolution: Balancing Operational Excellence with Zero-Emission Requirements in the Context of IMO 2050 Objectives

Mohamed Elhussieny

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50709 Received 27/10/2024, Revised 12/12/2024, Acceptance 27/02/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

This study looks at how maritime ports have evolved toward the IMO’s 2050 zero-emission goals while keeping operational excellence in mind. Additionally, the study uses a mixed methodology by examining case studies of prominent global ports like Rotterdam, Singapore, Los Angeles, Dubai, and East Port Said. The study also assesses the use of sophisticated monitoring systems and digital technologies, which have shown substantial improvements in both environmental performance and operational efficiency. In addition, the data suggests that ports with full-system environmental management systems resulted in emissions being monitored at 98% accuracy and a 60% reduction in operational downtime when IoT was used. Thereafter, the study highlights key success factors such as technological integration, strategic alliances, and innovative funding mechanisms. This study brings theoretical meaning and a practical approach to represent port competitiveness in the global maritime system, as ports must comply with the environment.

Assessment of onshore power supply for ship’s emissions reduction in Alexandria Port utilizing national grad/ renewable energy.

Eng. Mahmoud Tahah Hassan1, Dr. Nour Ahmed marey2, Prof. Adel Abdallah Tawfik3

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50708 Received 05/01/2025, Revised 02/02/2025, Acceptance 03/03/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

Air pollution from shipping is a critical issue, especially in dense ports. One of the proposed technologies to reduce ship emissions in ports is the Onshore Power Supply (OPS) system, where ships turn off their auxiliary electric generator engines and connect into the port grid. Several studies were conducted in European and USA ports. This study tackles the application of the OPS in the port of Alexandria, in line with Egypt’s Vision 2030 concerning the issue of climate change. The study focuses on analyzing the ships data collected from Alexandria port along one month. The present investigation aiming to conduct a comprehensive socio-economic and cost effectiveness analyses of OPS. To enhance the environmental potential of OPS, deploying four solar energy scenarios as the OPS electricity source is proposed.

The results revealed that relying on the national grid decreases emissions by 27.5%, and it is predicted to reach 100% if the electricity is generated from solar energy. Also, the economic analysis shows good profitability with a payback period of almost two years. Therefore, the implementation of the solar-powered OPS system in Alexandria port not only contributes to improving the air quality in the area, but also enhancing the country’s environmental, social and economic goals. Improving port infrastructure and using clean energy technologies can significantly enhance the quality of life in port cities and promote sustainable development.

POTENTIAL IMPACT OF EARTH’S REVERSAL POLARITY ON SAFETY OF NAVIGATION

Ahmed Yousry Elhabashy1, Mahmoud Elbawab2

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50707 Received 10/11/2024, Revised 06/12/2024, Acceptance 27/02/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

This Paper investigates geomagnetic polarity reversals and how they may affect ships safety of navigation as well as investigates the dangers that are posed with the geomagnetic disturbances.

This activity involves focusing on the impacts of particular disturbances on vital navigation systems like GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display & Information System), and even the compass. The paper analyzes the impacts of such events on oceanic voyages as well as assesses the use of conventional techniques during these situations and developing appropriate contingency plans for the safe wet passage.

The methodology followed a mixed methods approach, which included a questionnaire, which was sent to foreign and Egyptian maritime professionals (shipmasters, navigators, and instructors); this was done in an attempt to gauge the industry awareness and preparedness. In addition, it is felt that the current levels of preparedness are inadequate for the potential alterations that may occur.

The study contributes novel insights into the specific technological vulnerabilities and operational challenges posed by geomagnetic reversals, offering actionable recommendations for improving navigational reliability for facing magnetic disturbances.

The primary results reveal major deficits in knowledge related to influences of geomagnetic polarity reversal on navigation systems as more than 60 % of respondents have a poor understanding. The results show that the world really need to plan for research on these issues. The findings highlight the urgent need for investment in targeted education and training programs, the development and implementation of robust alternative navigation systems, and enhanced international collaboration to build resilience within the maritime industry.

Evaluating the Impact of AI Tools on the Performance of Maritime Trainees in METI

Capt. Ahmed Mohamed Aly Salem1, Capt. Mohamed H. M. Hassan2

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50706 Received 12/12/2024, Revised 15/01/2025, Acceptance 01/03/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

The Maritime industry is changing a lot because of new technology, more machines doing work, and the use of digital tools.  To stay important and useful, maritime schools need to use updated teaching methods that give students the important skills they need for jobs in the future.  This study looks at how artificial intelligence (AI) and data analysis can improve the way skills are measured in maritime training programs, making the assessment more accurate, efficient, and complete.

AI and data analysis help make learning more tailored to individuals, allow for fast tracking of progress, and can foresee future outcomes. This helps us see what the trainees know and can do more clearly. These technologies are capable of replicating actual ocean environments, providing a safe space for trainees to gain experience. They help judge how good trainees are at making choices, solving problems, and using their technical abilities. By using AI tools and analyzing data, teachers can find out where students need help, make custom training plans for each student, and guess how well they will do in the future.

The study uses different methods. It looks at new studies, checks out examples, and gathers information from schools that teach maritime skills. It shows how AI tests make checking skills more reliable, accurate, and quicker. The results show that using AI and data analysis improves the accuracy of assessments and helps training change to meet the changing needs of the shipping industry. This study contributes to the development of a fresh educational strategy aimed at equipping maritime employees to face the challenges posed by emerging technologies and automation.

Impact of Human Error on Maritime Industry: Case of Jamaica

Mazen Hussein1, Said Abdelkader 2

DOI NO. https://doi.org/10.59660/50705 Received 01/12/2024, Revised 05/01/2025, Acceptance 19/02/2025, Available online and Published 01/07/2025

Abstract:

Human error remains a significant challenge in the maritime industry, contributing to substantial loss of life, economic losses, environmental damage and employment reduction. This research investigates the prevalence of human error in maritime operations globally, regionally and in Jamaica by analyzing accident data for identification of recurring patterns and causal factors. The study delves into the health, psychological, environmental, organizational and technological factors, underpinnings of human error within this complex domain. Then, the research focuses on the maritime industry to provide a localized perspective by examining the data of maritime incidents in Jamaica for the period between the years 2009 and 2023. The study aims to identify the unique challenges and vulnerabilities associated with human error in Jamaica. The research recourses to a mixed-method research methodology; the simple sampling method is first used to analyze participant replies and assure the legitimacy and impartiality of the conclusions reached from the data in relation to the research. Purposive sampling, on the other hand, is used to analyze marine accidents in Jamaica and guarantee that the sample closely fits with the research objectives, hence increasing the rigor and dependability of the study data and findings.

The research also aims to provide effective recommendations to eliminate major contributing causes of human error, and to improve maritime safety by gaining enough knowledge of the influence of human error on the marine sector both globally and in Jamaica. Finally, the research proposes a comprehensive approach for tackling human error from several viewpoints, thus leading to a significant decrease in marine accidents and incidents in Jamaica and worldwide.